Requirements.

Quantum science and technologies is a national priority for the Government of Canada (GoC). A future driver for economic growth and military capacity and capabilities. The Dept. of National Defence (DND) and the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) expedites and enables mission-focused quantum technologies through targeted science, technology, and innovation investments with academic, industrial, and governmental partners. Guided by the Quantum Science and Technology (S&T) Strategy. Collaboration with international allies and partners is key to advancing quantum science and technologies and harnessing its tremendous strategic capacities and capabilities.

Requirements:

Quantum sensing is a policy priority of Canada. The GoC has made significant advancements in quantum sensing, as it is critical in enabling situational awareness and decision support, meeting the unique mandate of DND and CAF to ensure Canadian sovereignty across all domains and approaches, and developing resilience, assurance, and countermeasures against future vulnerabilities. Digital prototyping, sandboxing, and on-ramp demonstrators to increase technology readiness levels (TRLs) offer crucial support.

Strong and strategic partnerships. Leveraging interdepartmental collaboration with the National Research Council (NRC), Department of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development Canada (ISED), and other government depts. through Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC). International liaison with NORAD, NATO, and Five Eyes allies for burden-sharing approach to accelerate technology and compliance development and integration to ensure interoperability, capability assurance, and reliability. Working with industry and academia to cultivate leading-edge technological advancements.

Investment in mission-focused quantum technologies. Aligned with the targeted capabilities of Canada’s Defence Policy, Strong, Secure, Engaged and Defence S&T priorities. Strengthen internal research capacity and human capital. Identify, monitor, and evaluate the impact of quantum technologies on existing defence systems and approaches (defensive, offensive, countermeasures and enablers). Integrate and apply analysis to defence opportunities and threat landscape.

US Government and Dept. of Defense Priority. The $1.2 billion National Quantum Initiative Act of 2018 comprised of $625 million for five newly formed quantum S&T research hubs from 2020-2025. Commercial industry contributions of $340 million from companies, such as IBM, Intel, and Microsoft. Univ. of Waterloo collaboration. The Whitehouse pledged in 2020 to double quantum information science funding by 2022.

International Priority. The US leads in quantum information science (QIS) funding and programs, while China and the European Union (EU) support the next largest programs. The UK and Canada support high profile programs.

China. Allocates $244 million annually for QIS and within its 2006-2020 science and technology development plan, designated QIS research as one of four “mega-projects”, and stipulated quantum communications and computing as one of six major development goals.

European Union. Supports the Quantum Technologies Flagship program; a 10-year initiative of $1.1 billion to commercialize QIS.

The UK. Established a five-year, $440 million National Quantum Technologies Program in 2013 to commercialize QIS and allocated over $105 million in 2018 towards four UK-based quantum technology development centres over five years.

Canada. QIS program began in 1999 with private investments that established the Perimeter Institute, University of Waterloo, while the 2018 budget provided $11.5 million USD over three years to the Institute of Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo.

US Dept. of Defense (DoD) Priority. Office of Naval Research pursuing a next-generation atomic clock for improved ruggedization and 1,000 times better performance than previous systems

DOD has asked for $23 million to further the development of an enhanced-stability atomic clock that will provide a constant connection to sensor networks and encrypted communication channels that support DOD's most critical missions.

Office of Naval Research will be pursuing a next-generation atomic clock that is expected to be more rugged and have 1,000 times better performance than previous systems, he said

The Defense Innovation Unit also recently put out a call to tech companies for new quantum inertial sensors that could be used for navigation

White House, National Science Foundation and Department of Energy announced awards worth up to $625 million over five years for five quantum R&D centers, with industry and academia expected to kick in another $300 million for the effort. The centers will focus on a range of research topics including quantum networking, sensing, computing and materials manufacturing, according to a press release.

Feb. 2020 Whitehouse, double non-defense QIS funding by 2022

- builds on the 2018 National Quantum Initiative Act, legislation aimed at boosting nationwide investment and scientific focus on these technologies

- Air Force and Navy hosted a “Million Dollar International Quantum U Tech Accelerator” virtual event. More than 1,000 experts from around the world attended the pitch day competition for contracts, according to a press release

- Air Force Will Roper encouraged researchers to deliver “spooky effects”

- National Quantum Coordination Office and with academia and industry to help expand that workforce

- The Pentagon has not publicly released its quantum roadmap

DARPA Quantum Sensing and Readout (QuASAR) program (2010-2018

developing atom and atom-like sensors that operate near the standard quantum limit (SQL), constructing hybrid quantum sensors that combine the optimal sensing and readout capabilities of disparate quantum systems and entangling multiple sensors/devices to operate below the SQL

China and the European Union (EU) having the largest foreign QIS programs

: UK and Canada have also made high profile investments in QIS R&D,

: while Australia and the Netherlands have made smaller investments

China

= 1 of 4 megaproject initiatives spanning 15 years, 2006-2020

= designated quantum communications and computing as one of six major goals for this period

= annual funding @ $244 million

EU

= Quantum Technologies Flagship program is a $1.1 billion, 10-year initiative to commercialize the EU’s investment in basic QIS R&D

UK

= 2013 established a five-year, $440 million National Quantum Technologies Program to translate QIS R&D into commercial technologies.

= September 2018, invest more than $105 million in four UK-based quantum technology development centers over the next five years

Canada

= QIS program began in 1999 with private investments that established the Perimeter Institute and University of Waterloo as leaders in QIS R&D.

= Canada’s 2018 budget provided $11.5 million (USD) over three years to the Institute of Quantum Computing at the University of Waterloo

Opportunities.

Market opportunities in quantum science and technologies (S&T) are in its key applications that operate reliably under all defence and security environmental conditions including denial, deception and subjection to countermeasures. Key applications include quantum sensing (including positioning, navigation and timing), communications, computing, and development of new materials. Quantum sensing applicable technologies are seeing increased demand due to rapid advancements in capabilities that are increasingly fieldable, offering improved timing, precision, synchronization, and interoperability in GPS-denied environments and A2AD domains,

Market Opportunities:

Quantum science and technology industry equivalent to aerospace industry by 2040 @ 1.7%-3.4% of GDP. It is forecast that the market will see viable advancements in quantum sensing and atomic clocks in the next five years, quantum sensors likely within 10 years, and quantum computing and communications in over a decade.

Quantum sensing significantly improves detection and tracking. Within electric and magnetic fields, gravitational variations, vibrations, motion, chemicals, and radiation. Commercial viability is extensive and offers the largest range of application to existing and future products and services, such as locating subterranean mineral deposits and nuclear spin imaging devices for health care. Military applications are substantial, offering vastly improved all domain situational awareness (ADSA), intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), and overall interoperability (JADC2, SHIELD, etc.) capacity and capabilities.

Quantum sensing technologies in demand. Positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) sensors, gravimeter and gravitational gradiometer sensors, compact and wide-band electromagnetic sensors, stealth-defeating radar, precise and covert range-finding devices, compact inertial sensors and atomic clocks for GPS-denied domains and magnetometers for improved navigation.

Quantum atomic clocks for precise, synchronized timekeeping. Improvement that is two or three orders of magnitude. Critical for maintaining communications and interoperability in a GPS-denied environments. Atomic properties are absolute and do not drift over time; self-calibrated and ideal for precision sensing. Key applications are GPS and internet. Operates very near their standard quantum limit (SQL) and not hampered by thermal noise and/or vibration.

Ruggedized and reliable. Quantum technologies need to operate near their standard quantum limit (SQL). This opens new application spaces critical to future military systems.

Prototyping and manufacturing techniques for quantum sensors and atomic clocks. Requirement for reduced size and improved ruggedness that is fieldable, such as lasers, optical systems, or vacuum systems.

Quantum communications offerings. Applications are covert communications, anti-spoofing, jamming resistance, secure key distribution. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method of securing communications that uses quantum physics, rather than mathematical algorithms, to safeguard data sent via unprotected networks. Secure with any eavesdropping attempt destroying the communication, revealing the eavesdropping. At transmission distances greater than 60 miles, quantum repeaters required and increases complexity and costs.

Quantum computing offerings. Applications are optimization-based logistics, decrypting current cryptographic protocols, quantum dots and microelectronics, and military command and control (C2). Compression and acceleration of information allows computers to process seemingly infinite possibilities simultaneously

- Quantum Communications/Key Distribution

: Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method of securing communications that uses quantum physics, rather than mathematical algorithms, to safeguard data sent over unprotected networks

: Quantum repeaters required > 60 miles and increase complexity/costs

: communications are secure and any eavesdropping attempt will destroy the communication, revealing the eavesdropping attempt

: high cost, low commercialization

- Quantum Computing

: Quantum simulation refers to the use of quantum hardware to determine the properties of a quantum system

= determining the properties of materials such as high-temperature superconductors, and modeling nuclear and particle physics

For the atomic clocks and quantum sensors, to a large extent the challenge is developing the prototyping and manufacturing techniques that are required,” Lopata said. They sometimes need new lasers or the miniaturization of existing lasers; new optical systems; new vacuum systems; or other components. “The real challenge for those technologies is reducing size and improving the ruggedness … in order to field these systems

Typically, the performance of measurement devices is limited by deleterious effects such as thermal noise and vibration. Notable exceptions are atomic clocks, which operate very near their fundamental limits. Driving devices to their physical limits will open new application spaces critical to future DoD systems

- Quantum sensing and metrology technologies:

: navigation,

: atomic clocks,

: gravimeters and gravitational gradiometers,

: inertial motion units,

: atomic magnetometers,

: electron microscopes, technologies to

- Application

: Sensing and measurement of various signals are ubiquitous to military systems and missions

= ISR

= PNT

= Health monitoring

= Target ID/tracking

- Limits

: thermal noise and vibration

: ruggedization and reliability

: operate near the standard quantum limit (SQL)

Typically, the performance of measurement devices is limited by deleterious effects such as thermal noise and vibration. Notable exceptions are atomic clocks, which operate very near their fundamental limits. Driving devices to their physical limits will open new application spaces critical to future DoD systems

atomic properties are absolute, and do not “drift” over time. In this sense, atoms are self-calibrated, making them ideal for precision sensing

For the atomic clocks and quantum sensors, to a large extent the challenge is developing the prototyping and manufacturing techniques that are required,” Lopata said. They sometimes need new lasers or the miniaturization of existing lasers; new optical systems; new vacuum systems; or other components. “The real challenge for those technologies is reducing size and improving the ruggedness … in order to field these systems.

defense-critical applications already require exceptionally precise time and frequency standards enabled only by atomic clocks. GPS and internet are two key examples

DARPA Quantum Sensing and Readout (QuASAR) program (2010-2018

- DRINQS (Driven and Nonequilibrium Quantum Systems)

= MITIGATE NOISE AND PROMOTE STABILITY

= The goal is to enable quantum bits, or qubits, the essential element of quantum information processing, to remain useful at room temperature, rather than requiring expensive cryogenic laboratory equipment. DRINQS research aims to lay the groundwork for future work on quantum sensing and potentially computing due to the convenience of room-temperature operation.

- Optimization with Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum devices (ONISQ) program 2019

= pursuing a hybrid concept that combines intermediate-sized quantum devices with classical computing systems with an eye on solving a particularly difficult category of defense-relevant problems known as combinatorial optimization

= solving = combinatorial optimization

= DoD optimization tasks include route planning, sensor/target assignments, and real-time supply chain management across the entire DoD Logistics Enterprise — still an intractable problem even with today’s supercomputers

Quantum communications offerings in demand are covert communications, anti-spoofing, jamming resistance, secure key distribution. Quantum computing offerings in demand are optimization-based logistics, decrypting current cryptographic protocols, and quantum dots and microelectronics. Not beyond the boundaries of physics, but are still long-term application prospects. Quantum computing is the compression and subsequent acceleration of information, which allows computers to process seemingly infinite possibilities simultaneously

- Quantum Communications/Key Distribution

: Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method of securing communications that uses quantum physics, rather than mathematical algorithms, to safeguard data sent over unprotected networks

: Quantum repeaters required > 60 miles and increase complexity/costs

: communications are secure and any eavesdropping attempt will destroy the communication, revealing the eavesdropping attempt

: high cost, low commercialization

- Quantum Computing

: Quantum simulation refers to the use of quantum hardware to determine the properties of a quantum system

= determining the properties of materials such as high-temperature superconductors, and modeling nuclear and particle physics

Quantum entanglement = enables particles to affect each other instantaneously across any distance.

- Quantum superposition = allows particle to simultaneously be in two states

- Quantum illumination = Quantum illumination is a paradigm for target detection that employs quantum entanglement between a signal electromagnetic mode and an idler electromagnetic mode, as well as joint measurement of these modes. The signal mode is propagated toward a region of space, and it is either lost or reflected, depending on whether a target is absent or present, respectively. In principle, quantum illumination can be beneficial even if the original entanglement is completely destroyed by a lossy and noisy environment.

Consulting.

Consulting services in quantum science and technologies that bridge the gap between the innovation and capabilities offered by commercial enterprise and academia and the key application requirements of the government and military. A liaison that specializes in aerospace and defence application and works to connect offerings with operators based on the current and future market and battlefield landscape. A paradigm shift is on the horizon, driven by quantum science and technologies that will significantly increase economic growth and military capacities and capabilities, resulting in current strategic opportunities for capitalization and partnership.

Consulting Services in Quantum S&T:

Quantum Science and Technologies. Consultancy: Commercial and military quantum technologies within the aerospace industry of the current and future marketplace.

Deliverables: Strategies, analyses, and research comprised of the market landscape, company and academic profiles, customer and competitor surveys, regulatory assessments, licensing feasibility, brand and positioning, performance and operational value, sales and distribution channels, customer and technical support, pricing and financing, and development of value proposition and go-to-market plan.

Result: Discovery and capture of new and future market opportunities that grow business and revenue.

Government & Military Key Applications. Consultancy: Key applications that are currently and future required by the government and military.

Deliverables: Assessments of government and military policies, strategies, and operational and mission-focused technology requirements, regulatory compliance funding and grant programs, workshops and seminar.

Result: Advisements of current and future government and military key application requirements that drive market demand and enable greater innovation for quantum science and technology companies and academic institutions.

Liaison for Licensing and Partnerships. Bridging the Gap: Connecting government and military demand with commercial innovation and supply in quantum science and technologies. Expertise: Battlefield requirements and marketplace offerings.

Consulting Service that Bridges the Quantum Business Gap.

Connecting government and military requirements with commercial innovation and technologies to generate revenue and produce policy and mission-focused success. Knowledge and expertise in battlefield requirements and marketplace offerings to create and cultivate strategies that beget further business and revenue growth and stimulates innovative advancements in key application areas of demand across this new and burgeoning field of quantum science and technology. Consulting services that create business strategies and liaise licensing and partnership opportunities.

Case Study in Government and Military. Consultancy: Connecting government and military with quantum science and technology providers for North Warning System modernization solutions.

Demand and Requirement: The North Warning System is a legacy threat detection and tracking system that is suffering obsolescence. Modernization is required that meets the technological and mission mandate of NORAD; requirements of note are affordability, extensive range for the Arctic landscape and approaches and potentially beyond, ruggedized and reliable, interoperable, situational awareness of stealth and other cloaking advancements, and environmentally sustainable with Arctic and Northern community and economic benefits.

Quantum Science & Technologies Solutions: The Government of Canada exercises a whole-of-government approach with the Dept. of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, along with NORAD and other strategic allies and partners to fund and support quantum science and technologies in sensing and radar with the University of Waterloo, Perimeter Institute and Institute of Quantum Computing. The 2018 GoC budget allotted $11.5 million USD over three years along with private investment. Further opportunities for funding, support, and partnership from the aerospace industry may be available, such as the recent support offered to the Institute of Quantum Computing by COM DEV, Honeywell and the Quantum Encryption and Science Satellite (QEYSSat) initiative.

Perimeter Institute, University of Waterloo, while the 2018 budget provided $11.5 million (USD) over three years to the Institute of Quantum Computing

A multi-layered threat detection ecosystem is required that is modular, scalable, integrable, and software-defined with open architecture for rapid adaptability and upgradability and legacy and new technologies are integrated for Engage on Remote capabilities.

Case Study in the Aerospace Industry. Consultancy: Connecting OEMs, integrators, and tiered suppliers with quantum science and technology providers for materials testing and optimization.

Demand and Requirement: Evaluation of materials based on their properties to determine how those materials will withstand operating conditions over time. Considerable time and resources are spent on material selection, qualification, and testing. Current materials testing relies on months-long laboratory screening followed by several years of outdoor exposure or in-service evaluation.

Quantum Science & Technologies Solutions: Company uses quantum computing to conduct comprehensive materials evaluations, model a material’s reaction to environmental conditions and determine the estimated service life and performance. Testing is improved and more comprehensive, less time is required, and costs related to outdoor exposure or in-service evaluation are decreased compared to traditional high-performance computing (HPC) solutions.

Quantum computing to help the company perform comprehensive materials evaluations, model a material’s reaction to environmental conditions and determine the estimated service life and performance much more efficiently and comprehensively than is possible using classical computers

Quantum Sensing Technologies & Applications. Detecting and Tracking: Identifying and measuring physical attributes, such as frequency, acceleration, rotation rates, electric and magnetic fields, and temperature with the highest relative and absolute accuracy.

Direct Applications: Improving navigation systems where precise acceleration measurement is used to achieve position data. In addition, quantum sensors could act as payloads for a range of different applications, such as climate dynamics from satellites or underground resources surveying from an aircraft.

Quantum Computing Technology & Application. Complex computer processing requirements of the aerospace industry. Applications: Fluid dynamics, finite-element simulations, aerodynamics, and flight mechanics. Technologies: Quantum computing combined with traditional high-performance computing (HPC) solutions similar to NORAD, Pathfinder.

Innovative Partnerships.

The aerospace industry has complex computational needs in the areas of fluid dynamics, finite-element simulations, aerodynamics, flight mechanics, and more. Airbus actively uses advanced computing solutions in these areas. We strongly believe quantum computing, in tandem with more traditional high-performance computing (HPC) solutions, can help us to solve key computationally intensive tasks

Quantum technologies in the aerospace and defence industry and government and military key application requirements. Expertise consultancy of leading-edge commercial technology offerings with

Quantum science and technologies increasingly offer value in encryption and stealth capabilities, whereby quantum communications may be completely secure from intercept or decryption and quantum computing may decrypt any communications. Quantum radar and sensing that uses illumination and entanglement have seen advancements in Canada and potentially offers direct application to NORAD modernization requirements.

near term application is key; speed of need and 80% IOC

Advancements in quantum information science and technologies, along artificial intelligence, are increasingly offering opportunities in non-kinetic proficiencies and

Advancements in quantum information science and technologies, along with space, cyber, and electronic warfare and artificial intelligence among others are increasingly offering opportunities in non-kinetic proficiencies and

rendering traditional battlefields and boundaries permeable and vulnerable.

QIS into four categories

: sensing and metrology, communications, simulation, and computing (some combine simulation and computing). Each can be used for a variety of applications.

- Applications

: Sensing and metrology = navigation, precise timekeeping, locating subterranean mineral deposits;

: Communications = generating quantum keys for encryption and enabling quantum-secure communications (interception destroys the communication and exposes the interceptor);

: Simulation = calculating the properties of materials such as high-temperature superconductors and modeling nuclear and particle physics; and

: Computing = performing some computations much faster, in some cases exponentially faster, than is possible using conventional high-performance computers.

- current military vulnerability of GPS; exposed veins of SATCOM etc. controlling and commanding platforms and ordnance

- also civilian vulnerability = civilian sectors of the economy, from banking to telecommunications to the power grid to health.

- solution = QT and atomic clocks, but require much further ruggedization and reliability

Technologies that align and meet the need:

- Application

: Sensing and measurement of various signals are ubiquitous to military systems and missions

= ISR

= PNT

= Health monitoring

= Target ID/tracking

- Limits

: thermal noise and vibration

: ruggedization and reliability

: operate near the standard quantum limit (SQL)

- Topics of interest in Sensing and Sensors:

: New sensing modalities

: Fundamental sensing limits

: Engineered materials that enable novel optics and imaging capabilities

: Fundamental and practical limits of quantum enabled sensing and metrology

: Practical and deployable sensing and sensor designs

Market Research & Analysis

Market data is researched from primary and secondary sources, including customer and competitor surveys and interviews, government datasets, publications, whitepapers, and regulatory documents. Analytics is conducted to determine market conditions, trends, and future forecasts.

Brand and Market Position

Customer perceptions and loyalty is analyzed based on brand history, maintenance reliability, lifecycle and affordability. Performance and operational value is also evaluated in depth to determine cost per available seat mile, residual value, performance specification (payload/range, etc.), and situational awareness and safety.

Sales and Distribution Channels

In-house operations and licensing of sales and distribution channels are assessed. Coordination is conducted with associated departments and leadership teams for sales and distribution channel cooperation. Company profiles, suitability, and introductions are performed for licensing of sales and distribution channel collaboration.

Pricing and Financing

Primary and secondary market pricing of an offering is analyzed against the competition within the current and future marketplace. This involves rate of depreciation, financing options, warranty value, avionics and parts obsolescence, service bulletins and regulatory compliance, pricing power, and return on investment.